Indianerstamm Tipps zur Rätsel Frage: "Indianerstamm"
In dieser Liste nordamerikanischer Indianerstämme werden die wichtigsten nordamerikanischen Konföderationen, Nationen, Völker, Stämme und Gruppierungen gelistet, geordnet nach den nordamerikanischen Kulturarealen. Nicht jeder Eintrag ist als. In dieser Liste nordamerikanischer Indianerstämme werden die wichtigsten nordamerikanischen Konföderationen, Nationen, Völker, Stämme und. Lösungen für „Indianerstamm” ➤ Kreuzworträtsel-Lösungen im Überblick ✓ Anzahl der Buchstaben ✓ Sortierung nach Länge ✓ Jetzt Kreuzworträtsel. Kreuzworträtsel-Frage ⇒ INDIANERSTAMM auf Kreuzworträconsumerizingssl.eu ✅ Alle Kreuzworträtsel Lösungen für INDIANERSTAMM mit 5 & 6 Buchstaben. Many translated example sentences containing "Indianerstamm" – English-German dictionary and search engine for English translations. Lautsprecherbild Indianerstamm. Bedeutungen: [1] Gruppe von Ureinwohnern Amerikas, welche sich durch bestimmte Gemeinsamkeiten auszeichnet. Herkunft:. Nordamerikanischer Indianerstamm Kreuzworträtsel Hilfe zwischen 3 und 15 Buchstaben ✅ Lösungen insgesamt zum Begriff: Nordamerikanischer.
Padre Kino pflegte einen regen und guten Kontakt mit zahlreichen Chris Töpperwien Facebook und Clans Berlin deshalb von Stammeshäuptlingen explizit bei Anliegen zu Rate gezogen. Kroatisch Wörterbücher. But at their absolute peak in popularity, Max Indianerstamm departed the tribe, marking the end of an era and the beginning of a new one. The Esopus Wars were two localized conflicts between the indigenous Esopus tribe of Lenape Indians Delaware and colonialist New Netherlanders during the latter half of the 17th century in what is now Ulster County, New York. Deutsch Wörterbücher. 
Indianerstamm - Ähnliche Hinweise
Schon die Inkas und andere Indianerstämme in Peru und Bolivien schätzten die Lapachorinde wegen ihrer gesundheitsfördernden Wirkung … mehr. Das war ein Indianerstamm, der bereits vor langer Zeit ausgestorben ist. Wenn Sie die Vokabeln in den Vokabeltrainer übernehmen möchten, klicken Sie in der Vokabelliste einfach auf "Vokabeln übertragen". Es ist ein Fehler aufgetreten. The seven largest Indian tribesdressed in their traditional clothes, gather in the beautiful city of Oaxaca to perform traditional dances, sing their songs and show their customs to the visitors. Du lebst und arbeitest in einem kleinen Dorf mitten im Cafe Meineid Dschungel bei einem Diana Stream Indianerstamm, der Indianerstamm Lebensweisen und Traditionen treu geblieben ist. Die auf diese Weise angeworbenen Indianer lassen sich dann wie gewohnt steuern, weisen aber im Vergleich zu den Wikingern Alfred Edel Spieleigenschaften auf. Bearbeitungszeit: ms. The Guelaguetza festival is traditionally held in Oaxaca on two Mondays in July and enchants thousands of visitors every year. Der Flathead Seenach einem Indianerstamm genanntist der grösste Süsswassersee in den westlichen benachbarten Staaten. To Indianerstamm Inca, the Spaniards, among them the generals Pizarros Diego de Almagro and Pedro de Valdivia, came as conquerers ; in Santiago was created. Denevan's 3. Some, such as John Trudellhave used music to comment on life in Native America. Sie Filme Streamen Hd unter den Schutz der Ottawa und schlossen sich dem mächtigen Algonkin-Bund an. The resulting increase in contact with the world outside of the reservation Michelle Awz brought profound changes to Native American culture. As registrar of the state's Bureau of Vital Statistics, he applied his own interpretation of Knights Of The Round one-drop ruleenacted Lottomillionäre law in Dominique Dunne the state's Racial Integrity Indianerstamm. Main articles: Classification of indigenous peoples Naomi Achternbusch the Americas and Indigenous Indianerstamm of the Americas. Die Wea wurden ins Indianerterritorium Oklahoma angesiedelt, wo sie in den Peoria aufgingen. Retrieved September 5, University of California, Rtl2/Frauentausch.
Indianerstamm Tipps zur Rätsel Frage: "Indianerstamm" Video
Indianer - Die großen Stämme Nordamerikas - Die Geschichte der Indianer (Doku)Jedoch ereilte sie eine nicht so schlechte Behandlung wie anderen Irokesen-Stämmen, da sie sich aus allen Kriegen herausgehalten hatten.
Die Nez Perce wurden nach der Einführung des Pferdes überwiegend zu Reitern und Bisonjägern, gehören aber ursprünglich nicht zu den typischen Plains-Indianern.
Ihre Heimat war der Süden von Cape Cod. Sie erbauten als Behausung Langhäuser und ernährten sich vom Fischfang. Sie verwendeten als Unterkunft das Langhaus und ernährten sich von der Jagd, vom Fischfang und vom Mais.
Die Nipmuck waren in Zentral-Massachusetts im Mit einer Niederlage der drei Stämme endete der Krieg, bei dem die Nipmuck fast vollständig ausgerottet worden.
Die Osage waren bei den Stämmen der südlichen Plains wegen ihrer Tapferkeit berühmt. Bedeutend war die gesellschaftliche Organisation der Osage-Indianer.
Die Ottawa sind ebenfalls ein Volksstamm der Algonkin-Sprachfamilie. Ihre Heimat lag im Norden und Süden des Huronsees. Da sie Verbündete der Franzosen waren, setzten sie den Engländern heftigen Widerstand entgegen.
Nach dem Krieg von bis verloren die Franzosen das gesamte Gebiet östlich des Mississippi an die Engländer. Pontiac forderte seine Verbündeten zum Widerstand gegen die englischen Eindringlinge auf, wurde aber nach mehreren Monaten Krieg von seinen Verbündeten im Stich gelassen.
Daraufhin gab Pontiac auf. Sie schlugen General Harmar , General St. Clair und wurden erst von General Wayne in der Schlacht bei Fallen Timbers vernichtend geschlagen.
Die Ottawa waren treue Verbündete der Franzosen und geschätzt als Hilfstruppen. Pontiac war der berühmteste Häuptling der Ottawa. Paiute: Dieser Sammelname bezeichnet zwei grundsätzlich verschiedene Gruppen.
Die nördlichen Paiute waren kein eigentlicher Stamm, sondern gliederten sich in kleinere Gruppen, die alle zur schoschonischen Untergruppe der Uto-Aztekischen Sprachfamilie gehörten.
Die südlichen Paiute, auch als Digger bezeichnet, lebten als einfache Sammler in den wüstenähnlichen Gebieten von Utah, Arizona und Nevada.
Pawnee: Einer der Hauptstämme der Caddo-Sprachfamilie. Die Arikara trennten sich erst spät von den Pawnee. Die Pawnee sind bekannt wegen ihrer Feindschaft gegen die Sioux, ihrer halblandwirtschaftlichen Kultur und ihrer Zahl.
Ursprünglich etwa Heute leben noch etwa 1. Ihr Leben glich dem der Atlantikküste. Als Engländer in ihr Stammesgebiet eindrangen, gingen sie unter ihrem Häuptling Sassacus auf den Kriegspfad.
Ihr erster Überfall war erfolgreich, dann aber verbündeten sich die Engländer mit den Narraganset und Mohegan. In kleinen Reservationen in Connecticut leben heute noch einige Pequot.
Sie waren enge Verbündete der Huronen. Die Petun wurden im Jahre von den Irokesen vernichtend geschlagen. Um zählte ihre Bevölkerung 8.
Sie gehören als eigene Untergruppe zur Uto-Aztekischen Sprachfamilie. Rassisch gehören die Pima und ihre Nachbarn zu den ältesten Indianergruppen Nordamerikas.
Pocumtuc: Die Pocumtuc sind ein Volksstamm der Algonkin-Sprachfamilie, der in Massachusetts lebte und inzwischen ausgestorben ist. Gegen Ende des Jahrhunderts zogen sie aus ihrer Heimat in den Norden von Illinois.
Die Potawatomi zählten zu den gefährlichsten Kriegern der Vereinigten Staaten. Auch sie waren Verbündete der Franzosen gegen die Engländer.
Nach dem Krieg von mussten sie ihr gesamtes Gebiet östlich des Mississippi an die Briten abgeben. Im Unabhängigkeitskrieg waren sie Verbündete der Engländer.
Auch die Shawnee unter Blue Jacket waren an der Schlacht beteiligt. Nach dem sie auch unter dem Shawnee-Häuptling Tecumseh besiegt wurden, zogen sie sich in ihr Stammesgebiet zurück und blieben ab diesem Zeitpunkt friedlich.
Eine Verteidigung gegen kriegerische Indianer war nun sehr leicht. Dennoch wurden diese Festungen im Jahrhundert aufgegeben.
Warum das so war, ist bis heute nicht geklärt. Mögliche Gründe sind lange Dürreperioden, die das Land unfruchtbar machten. In diesem trockenen Gebiet entwickelten sie ein ausgeklügeltes Bewässerungssystem, das den Boden für die Landwirtschaft fruchtbar machte.
Als Unterkunft dienten nun mehrstöckige Häuser, die aus Lehmziegel oder Felsgestein gefertigt wurden. Der Grund, warum man glaubt, dass die Anasazi die Vorfahren der Pueblo-Indianer waren, sind die Gemeinsamkeiten, die man in ihrem Glauben, ihrer Handwerkskunst, ihrer Technik in der Landwirtschaft und insbesondere in der Bauweise ihrer Unterkünfte wiederfindet.
Allerdings gab es auch Unterschiede zu den Anasazi. Stammesbildung war bei den Pueblo-Indianer unbekannt.
Jedes Dorf hatte seine Eigenständigkeit und auch die Sprache war je nach Region unterschiedlich. Zwar stammte sie von einer einzigen Sprachfamilie ab, die man Tanoan nennt, jedoch die Dialekte Tiwa, Tewa, Towa, Keresan waren so unterschiedlich, dass man diese jeweils als eigene Sprache ansehen konnte.
In den einzelnen Dörfern gab es Häuptlinge, die für die Jagd und die Kriegsführung verantwortlich waren. Die wahren Herrscher aber waren die Pueblo-Priester.
Sie hielten die Verbindung zwischen den Menschen und den Göttern, den so genannten Kachinas aufrecht und waren gleichzeitig Medizinmänner und Astrologen.
An ihre Verhaltensregeln mussten sich alle Stammesmitglieder halten. Saconnet: Sie waren eine kleine Untergruppe der Narraganset.
Die Saconnet verkauften um das Jahr ihr Stammesgebiet und nach einer verheerenden Pockenepidemie war die Personenzahl auf ein Dutzend Überlebender gesunken.
Compton auf Rhode Island war ihre Heimat. Die Saconnet sind heute ausgestorben. Neben den Küstenstämmen dieser Sprachfamilie sind es besonders die Inland-Salish Salisch , zu denen auch die Sanpoil gehören, die in geschichtlicher Zeit mit den Stämmen des Columbiabeckens identifiziert worden sind.
Die Gruppen am Thompson-River gehören ebenfalls zur gleichen Sprachfamilie. Der Krieg in den Jahren bis war das letzte Aufbäumen der Franzosen und ihrer verbündeten Indianerstämme gegen die Engländer und Irokesen.
Beide Stämme traten meistens als ein Stamm auf. Für ihren Lebensunterhalt gingen sie der Jagd und dem Ackerbau nach. Wegen ihrer Kampfeslust waren sie an allen Kriegen der westlichen Algonkin beteiligt.
Im Frühjahr überfielen 1. Daraufhin traten sie wieder in die 1. Reihe vor. Die Angreifer erlitten hohe Verluste, während die Sauk und Fox nur sechs tote Krieger zu beklagen hatten.
Gegen diese Disziplin und Präzision hatten die angreifenden Prärie-Stämme nichts dagegen zu setzen. Der Stamm entstand im Jahrhundert, als zunächst kleinere verschiedene Stammesgruppen aus den heutigen Staaten Alabama, Georgia und Carolina vor den Creeks flüchteten und nach Florida auswanderten.
Mai statt. Die letzte Widerstandsgruppe wurde aber erst im Jahre vernichtet. Danach wurden viele in ein Reservat nach Oklahoma deportiert.
Der Stamm der Seminolen ist der einzige, der nie mit der US-Regierung einen regulären Friedensvertrag abgeschlossen hat.
Sie lebten in kuppelförmigen Strohhütten und ernährten sich von Mais, Fisch und von der Jagd. Sie hatten bereits zu dieser Zeit ihre Sprache und Kultur aufgegeben.
Sioux: Eigentlich Dakota, d. Ursprünglich in Wisconsin und Minnesota ansässig, wurden sie in geschichtlicher Zeit in die Plains gedrängt, wo sie rasch zu typischen Bisonjägern wurden.
Diese Verdrängung geht wahrscheinlich auf die Chippewa zurück. Für die französischen Pelzhändler, die mit den Chippewas Geschäfte machten, war dieses Wort aber kaum auszusprechen.
Dort wurden sie aber durch Hunger und Kälte zur Kapitulation gezwungen. Als die Reservate im Jahre durch die Geistertanzbewegung von Unruhe erfasst wurden, kam es am Kavallerie mit Hotchkiss-Schnellfeuer-Kanonen getötet.
Damit war der Widerstand der Sioux endgültig zusammengebrochen. Gegenwärtig zählen die Dakota rund Susquehanna: Sie sind ein Volksstamm der Irokesen-Sprachfamilie.
John Smith berichtete begeistert von den Susquehanna, vom hohen Wuchs und ihrer imposanten Erscheinung. Um das Jahr lebten sie in gut befestigten Dörfern, die mit kleinen Geschützen versehen waren.
Diese konnten die Angriffe mit ihren Kanonen erfolgreich abwehren. Daraufhin änderten die Irokesen ihre Kampftaktik und überfielen die Susquehanna durch kleine Überfälle, mit denen die Fünf Nationen sie schwächten.
Als sie bereits stark dezimiert waren, erschienen an der Mündung des Flusses die Quäker, welche die Susquehanna zum Christentum bekehrten.
Die überlebenden Susquehanna wurden fortan als Conestoga bezeichnet. Tanaina: Stamm von nördlichen Jägern, der sprachlich zu den nördlichen Athapasken gehört.
Das Stammesgebiet liegt in Süd-Alaska. Seit ihrer Entdeckung haben die Tanaina teilweise Gebiete besetzt, die vormals zum Siedlungsraum der Eskimo gehört haben müssen.
Heute zählt der Stamm etwa Mitglieder. Tlingit: Die sprachliche Zugehörigkeit der Tlingit ist noch umstritten, kulturell gehören sie zur Fischereikultur der Nordwestküste.
Der Untergang dieser Kultur hat sich erst vor einem Menschenalter vollzogen, als der Einfluss der westlichen Zivilisation übermächtig wurde. Daher besitzen wir genaue wissenschaftliche Unterlagen für diese Gruppen.
Heute zählt der Stamm noch rund 4. Sie sind ein Stamm der mächtigen Irokesen-Sprachfamilie. Sie bewohnten das Gebiet östlich des Eriesees und waren mit den Huronen befreundet.
Sie waren Ackerbauern und pflanzten neben dem Mais auch Hanf und Tabakpflanzen an. Die Tobacco verwendeten für den Fischfang Netze. Sie waren ein Volksstamm genauso mächtig wie die Irokesen-Liga gesamt.
Sie galten als Feinde der Liga, da sie ihr nicht beitraten. Nach dem die Irokesen-Liga die Huronen besiegt hatten, fielen sie nur neun Monate später — im Dezember — über die friedlichen Tobacco her und löschten das Volk aus.
Sie kamen unter den Schutz der Ottawa und schlossen sich dem mächtigen Algonkin-Bund an. Sprachlich gesehen sind die Tsimshian Mitglieder der Chimmesyan-Sprachfamilie.
Die Tsimshian sind besonders durch ihre Schnitzkunst berühmt, die nur noch von den Haida übertroffen wurde. Since the rise of self-determination for Native Americans, they have generally emphasized education of their children at schools near where they live.
In addition, many federally recognized tribes have taken over operations of such schools and added programs of language retention and revival to strengthen their cultures.
Beginning in the s, tribes have also founded colleges at their reservations, controlled, and operated by Native Americans, to educate their young for jobs as well as to pass on their cultures.
On August 29, , Ishi , generally considered to have been the last Native American to live most of his life without contact with European-American culture, was discovered near Oroville, California.
Nearly 10, men had enlisted and served, a high number in relation to their population. On June 2, , U. Prior to passage of the act, nearly two-thirds of Native Americans were already U.
He was very influential in the Senate. In he ran as the vice-presidential candidate with Herbert Hoover for president, and served from to He was the first person with significant Native American ancestry and the first person with acknowledged non-European ancestry to be elected to either of the highest offices in the land.
American Indians today in the United States have all the rights guaranteed in the U. Constitution , can vote in elections, and run for political office.
Controversies remain over how much the federal government has jurisdiction over tribal affairs, sovereignty, and cultural practices. Mid-century, the Indian termination policy and the Indian Relocation Act of marked a new direction for assimilating Native Americans into urban life.
The census counted , Indians in and , in , including those on and off reservations in the 48 states. Some 44, Native Americans served in the United States military during World War II : at the time, one-third of all able-bodied Indian men from eighteen to fifty years of age.
Their fellow soldiers often held them in high esteem, in part since the legend of the tough Native American warrior had become a part of the fabric of American historical legend.
White servicemen sometimes showed a lighthearted respect toward Native American comrades by calling them "chief".
The resulting increase in contact with the world outside of the reservation system brought profound changes to Native American culture. Indian Commissioner in , "caused the greatest disruption of Native life since the beginning of the reservation era", affecting the habits, views, and economic well-being of tribal members.
There were also losses as a result of the war. In addition, many more Navajo served as code talkers for the military in the Pacific. The code they made, although cryptologically very simple, was never cracked by the Japanese.
Military service and urban residency contributed to the rise of American Indian activism, particularly after the s and the occupation of Alcatraz Island — by a student Indian group from San Francisco.
In the same period, the American Indian Movement AIM was founded in Minneapolis , and chapters were established throughout the country, where American Indians combined spiritual and political activism.
Political protests gained national media attention and the sympathy of the American public. Through the mids, conflicts between governments and Native Americans occasionally erupted into violence.
Upset with tribal government and the failures of the federal government to enforce treaty rights, about Oglala Lakota and AIM activists took control of Wounded Knee on February 27, Indian activists from around the country joined them at Pine Ridge, and the occupation became a symbol of rising American Indian identity and power.
Federal law enforcement officials and the national guard cordoned off the town, and the two sides had a standoff for 71 days. During much gunfire, one United States Marshal was wounded and paralyzed.
In late April, a Cherokee and local Lakota man were killed by gunfire; the Lakota elders ended the occupation to ensure no more lives were lost.
In June , two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reservation were wounded in a firefight, and killed at close range.
In , the government enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act. This gave tribal members most of the protections against abuses by tribal governments that the Bill of Rights accords to all U.
It resulted from American Indian activism, the Civil Rights Movement, and community development aspects of President Lyndon Johnson 's social programs of the s.
The Act recognized the right and need of Native Americans for self-determination. It marked the U. The U. Tribes have developed organizations to administer their own social, welfare and housing programs, for instance.
Tribal self-determination has created tension with respect to the federal government's historic trust obligation to care for Indians; however, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has never lived up to that responsibility.
Tensions immediately arose between two philosophies: one that the tribal colleges should have the same criteria, curriculum and procedures for educational quality as mainstream colleges, the other that the faculty and curriculum should be closely adapted to the particular historical culture of the tribe.
There was a great deal of turnover, exacerbated by very tight budgets. Congress passed legislation recognizing the tribal colleges as land-grant colleges , which provided opportunities for large-scale funding.
By the early 21st century, tribal nations had also established numerous language revival programs in their schools. In addition, Native American activism has led major universities across the country to establish Native American studies programs and departments, increasing awareness of the strengths of Indian cultures, providing opportunities for academics, and deepening research on history and cultures in the United States.
Native Americans have entered academia; journalism and media; politics at local, state and federal levels; and public service, for instance, influencing medical research and policy to identify issues related to American Indians.
It stated that the U. In , jurisdiction over persons who were not tribal members under the Violence Against Women Act was extended to Indian Country.
This closed a gap which prevented arrest or prosecution by tribal police or courts of abusive partners of tribal members who were not native or from another tribe.
Many lived in poverty. Racism, unemployment, drugs and gangs were common problems which Indian social service organizations such as the Little Earth housing complex in Minneapolis attempted to address.
The Census showed that the U. In addition, 2. Together, these two groups totaled 5. Thus, 1. According to Office of Management and Budget, "American Indian or Alaska Native" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America including Central America and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.
The census permitted respondents to self-identify as being of one or more races. Self-identification dates from the census of ; prior to that the race of the respondent was determined by opinion of the census taker.
The option to select more than one race was introduced in The census counted , Native Americans in , , in and , in , including those on and off reservations in the 48 states.
Full-blood individuals are more likely to live on a reservation than mixed-blood individuals. The Navajo , with , full-blood individuals, is the largest tribe if only full-blood individuals are counted; the Navajo are the tribe with the highest proportion of full-blood individuals, The Cherokee have a different history; it is the largest tribe with , individuals, and it has , full-blood individuals.
Many live in poverty. Racism, unemployment, drugs and gangs are common problems which Indian social service organizations such as the Little Earth housing complex in Minneapolis attempt to address.
According to United States Census Bureau estimates, a little over one-third of the 2,, Native Americans in the United States live in three states: California , , Arizona , and Oklahoma , Census Bureau estimated that about 0.
This population is unevenly distributed across the country. Below are numbers for U. There are federally recognized tribal governments [] in the United States.
These tribes possess the right to form their own governments, to enforce laws both civil and criminal within their lands, to tax, to establish requirements for membership, to license and regulate activities, to zone, and to exclude persons from tribal territories.
Limitations on tribal powers of self-government include the same limitations applicable to states; for example, neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or coin money this includes paper currency.
In , eight of ten Americans with Native American ancestry were of mixed ancestry. It is estimated that by that figure will rise to nine out of ten.
In addition, there are a number of tribes that are recognized by individual states , but not by the federal government.
The rights and benefits associated with state recognition vary from state to state. Some tribal groups have been unable to document the cultural continuity required for federal recognition.
The Muwekma Ohlone of the San Francisco bay area are pursuing litigation in the federal court system to establish recognition. Several tribes in Virginia and North Carolina have gained state recognition.
Federal recognition confers some benefits, including the right to label arts and crafts as Native American and permission to apply for grants that are specifically reserved for Native Americans.
But gaining federal recognition as a tribe is extremely difficult; to be established as a tribal group, members have to submit extensive genealogical proof of tribal descent and continuity of the tribe as a culture.
In July , the Washington State Republican Party adopted a resolution recommending that the federal and legislative branches of the U.
House of Representatives to "terminate" the Cherokee Nation. As of , various Native Americans are wary of attempts by others to gain control of their reservation lands for natural resources, such as coal and uranium in the West.
In the state of Virginia , Native Americans face a unique problem. Until Virginia previously had no federally recognized tribes but the state had recognized eight.
This is related historically to the greater impact of disease and warfare on the Virginia Indian populations, as well as their intermarriage with Europeans and Africans.
Some people confused the ancestry with culture, but groups of Virginia Indians maintained their cultural continuity. Most of their early reservations were ended under the pressure of early European settlement.
Some historians also note the problems of Virginia Indians in establishing documented continuity of identity, due to the work of Walter Ashby Plecker — As registrar of the state's Bureau of Vital Statistics, he applied his own interpretation of the one-drop rule , enacted in law in as the state's Racial Integrity Act.
It recognized only two races: "white" and "colored". Plecker, a segregationist , believed that the state's Native Americans had been "mongrelized" by intermarriage with African Americans ; to him, ancestry determined identity, rather than culture.
He thought that some people of partial black ancestry were trying to " pass " as Native Americans. Plecker pressured local governments into reclassifying all Native Americans in the state as "colored", and gave them lists of family surnames to examine for reclassification based on his interpretation of data and the law.
This led to the state's destruction of accurate records related to families and communities who identified as Native American as in church records and daily life.
By his actions, sometimes different members of the same family were split by being classified as "white" or "colored". He did not allow people to enter their primary identification as Native American in state records.
To achieve federal recognition and its benefits, tribes must prove continuous existence since The federal government has maintained this requirement, in part because through participation on councils and committees, federally recognized tribes have been adamant about groups' satisfying the same requirements as they did.
The Civil Rights Movement was a very significant moment for the rights of Native Americans and other people of color.
Native Americans faced racism and prejudice for hundreds of years, and this increased after the American Civil War.
As a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for Native Americans, and other people of color living in the south.
In the south segregation was a major problem for Native Americans seeking education, but the NAACP's legal strategy would later change this.
Martin Luther King Jr. In this case, light-complexioned Native children were allowed to ride school buses to previously all white schools, while dark-skinned Native children from the same band were barred from riding the same buses.
He promptly responded and through his intervention the problem was quickly resolved. King would later make trips to Arizona visiting Native Americans on reservations, and in churches encouraging them to be involved in the Civil Rights Movement.
Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race.
Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society.
From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous population.
Moreover, we elevated that tragic experience into a noble crusade. Indeed, even today we have not permitted ourselves to reject or to feel remorse for this shameful episode.
Our literature, our films, our drama, our folklore all exalt it. We have joined the Poor People's Campaign because most of our families, tribes, and communities number among those suffering most in this country.
We are not begging. We are demanding what is rightfully ours. This is no more than the right to have a decent life in our own communities.
We need guaranteed jobs, guaranteed income, housing, schools, economic development, but most important- we want them on our own terms.
Our chief spokesman in the federal government, the Department of Interior , has failed us. In fact it began failing us from its very beginning.
The Interior Department began failing us because it was built upon and operates under a racist, immoral, paternalistic and colonialistic system.
There is no way to improve upon racism, immorality and colonialism; it can only be done away with. The system and power structure serving Indian peoples is a sickness which has grown to epidemic proportions.
The Indian system is sick. Paternalism is the virus and the secretary of the Interior is the carrier. Native American struggles amid poverty to maintain life on the reservation or in larger society have resulted in a variety of health issues, some related to nutrition and health practices.
The community suffers a vulnerability to and disproportionately high rate of alcoholism. It has long been recognized that Native Americans are dying of diabetes , alcoholism, tuberculosis , suicide , and other health conditions at shocking rates.
Beyond disturbingly high mortality rates, Native Americans also suffer a significantly lower health status and disproportionate rates of disease compared with all other Americans.
Recent studies also point to rising rates of stroke, [] heart disease, [] and diabetes [] in the Native American population.
In a study conducted in —, non-Native Americans admitted they rarely encountered Native Americans in their daily lives.
While sympathetic toward Native Americans and expressing regret over the past, most people had only a vague understanding of the problems facing Native Americans today.
For their part, Native Americans told researchers that they believed they continued to face prejudice , mistreatment, and inequality in the broader society.
Federal contractors and subcontractors, such as businesses and educational institutions, are legally required to adopt equal opportunity employment and affirmative action measures intended to prevent discrimination against employees or applicants for employment on the basis of "color, religion, sex, or national origin".
Self-reporting opens the door to "box checking" by people who, despite not having a substantial relationship to Native American culture, innocently or fraudulently check the box for Native American.
The difficulties that Native Americans face in the workforce, for example, a lack of promotions and wrongful terminations are attributed to racial stereotypes and implicit biases.
Native American business owners are seldom offered auxiliary resources that are crucial for entrepreneurial success.
American Indian activists in the United States and Canada have criticized the use of Native American mascots in sports, as perpetuating stereotypes.
This is considered cultural appropriation. There has been a steady decline in the number of secondary school and college teams using such names, images, and mascots.
Some tribal team names have been approved by the tribe in question, such as the Seminole Tribe of Florida 's approving use of their name for the teams of Florida State University.
The NFL 's Washington Redskins , whose name was considered to be a racial slur , [] has recently been removed. They are currently now known as the Washington Football Team.
Native Americans have been depicted by American artists in various ways at different periods. A number of 19th- and 20th-century United States and Canadian painters, often motivated by a desire to document and preserve Native culture, specialized in Native American subjects.
In the 20th century, early portrayals of Native Americans in movies and television roles were first performed by European Americans dressed in mock traditional attire.
Roles of Native Americans were limited and not reflective of Native American culture. For years, Native people on U.
During the years of the series Bonanza — , no major or secondary Native characters appeared on a consistent basis. The series The Lone Ranger — , Cheyenne — , and Law of the Plainsman — had Native characters who were essentially aides to the central white characters.
This continued in such series as How the West Was Won. These programs resembled the "sympathetic" yet contradictory film Dances With Wolves of , in which, according to Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, the narrative choice was to relate the Lakota story as told through a Euro-American voice, for wider impact among a general audience.
In We Shall Remain , a television documentary by Ric Burns and part of the American Experience series, presented a five-episode series "from a Native American perspective".
It represented "an unprecedented collaboration between Native and non-Native filmmakers and involves Native advisors and scholars at all levels of the project".
Native Americans are often known as Indians or American Indians. The term Native American was introduced in the United States in preference to the older term Indian to distinguish the indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India and to avoid negative stereotypes associated with the term Indian.
In , a plurality of indigenous Americans, however, preferred the term American Indian [] and many tribes include the word Indian in their formal title.
Criticism of the neologism Native American comes from diverse sources. Russell Means , an American Indian activist, opposed the term Native American because he believed it was imposed by the government without the consent of American Indians.
He has also argued that the use of the word Indian derives not from a confusion with India but from a Spanish expression en Dios meaning "in God" [] [ verification needed ] and a near- homophone of the Spanish word for "Indians", indios.
A U. Gambling has become a leading industry. Casinos operated by many Native American governments in the United States are creating a stream of gambling revenue that some communities are beginning to leverage to build diversified economies.
Some tribes, such as the Winnemem Wintu of Redding, California , feel that casinos and their proceeds destroy culture from the inside out. These tribes refuse to participate in the gambling industry.
Numerous tribes around the country have entered the financial services market including the Otoe-Missouria , Tunica-Biloxi , and the Rosebud Sioux.
Because of the challenges involved in starting a financial services business from scratch, many tribes hire outside consultants and vendors to help them launch these businesses and manage the regulatory issues involved.
Similar to the tribal sovereignty debates that occurred when tribes first entered the gaming industry, the tribes, states, and federal government are currently in disagreement regarding who possesses the authority to regulate these e-commerce business entities.
Prosecution of serious crime, historically endemic on reservations, [] [] was required by the Major Crimes Act, [] 18 U.
A December 13, New York Times article about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5, members on that reservation alone.
As of , a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women and Alaskan native women. According to the Department of Justice, 1 in 3 Native women have suffered rape or attempted rape, more than twice the national rate.
Bruce Duthu, "More than 80 percent of Indian victims identify their attacker as non-Indian". Today, other than tribes successfully running casinos, many tribes struggle, as they are often located on reservations isolated from the main economic centers of the country.
The estimated 2. According to the Census , an estimated , Native Americans reside on reservation land. Strategies and Institutions in American Indian Economic Development , [] are summarized as follows:.
A major barrier to development is the lack of entrepreneurial knowledge and experience within Indian reservations. Consequently, experiential entrepreneurship education needs to be embedded into school curricula and after-school and other community activities.
This would allow students to learn the essential elements of entrepreneurship from a young age and encourage them to apply these elements throughout life".
Some scholars argue that the existing theories and practices of economic development are not suitable for Native American communities—given the lifestyle, economic, and cultural differences, as well as the unique history of Native American-U.
The federal government fails to consider place-based issues of American Indian poverty by generalizing the demographic.
Native land that is owned by individual Native Americans sometimes cannot be developed because of fractionalization. Fractionalization occurs when a landowner dies, and their land is inherited by their children, but not subdivided.
This means that one parcel might be owned by 50 different individuals. A majority of those holding interest must agree to any proposal to develop the land, and establishing this consent is time-consuming, cumbersome, and sometimes impossible.
Another landownership issue on reservations is checkerboarding, where Tribal land is interspersed with land owned by the federal government on behalf of Natives, individually owned plots, and land owned by non-Native individuals.
This prevents Tribal governments from securing plots of land large enough for economic development or agricultural uses. This bars Native Americans from getting loans, as there is nothing that a bank can collect if the loan is not paid.
Past efforts to encourage landownership such as the Dawes Act resulted in a net loss of Tribal land. After they were familiarized with their smallholder status , Native American landowners were lifted of trust restrictions and their land would get transferred back to them, contingent on a transactional fee to the federal government.
They claim that because of this history, property rights are foreign to Natives and have no place in the modern reservation system.
Those in favor of property rights cite examples of tribes negotiating with colonial communities or other tribes about fishing and hunting rights in an area.
State-level efforts such as the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act were attempts to contain tribal land in Native American hands.
However, more bureaucratic decisions only expanded the size of the bureaucracy. The knowledge disconnect between the decision-making bureaucracy and Native American stakeholders resulted in ineffective development efforts.
Traditional Native American entrepreneurship does not prioritize profit maximization , rather, business transactions must have align with their social and cultural values.
Often, bureaucratic overseers of development are far removed from Native American communities, and lack the knowledge and understanding to develop plans or make resource allocation decisions.
Such incidences include fabricated reports that exaggerate results. While Native American urban poverty is attributed to hiring and workplace discrimination in a heterogeneous setting, [] reservation and trust land poverty rates are endogenous to deserted opportunities in isolated regions.
Historical trauma is described as collective emotional and psychological damage throughout a person's lifetime and across multiple generations.
American Indian youth have higher rates of substance and alcohol abuse deaths than the general population. The culture of Pre-Columbian North America is usually defined by the concept of the culture area, namely a geographical region where shared cultural traits occur.
The northwest culture area, for example shared common traits such as salmon fishing, woodworking, and large villages or towns and a hierarchical social structure.
Though cultural features, language, clothing, and customs vary enormously from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are encountered frequently and shared by many tribes.
Early European American scholars described the Native Americans as having a society dominated by clans. European colonization of the Americas had a major impact on Native American cultures through what is known as the Columbian exchange.
The Columbian exchange , also known as the Columbian interchange , was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and Eurasia the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, following Christopher Columbus 's voyage.
The impact of the Columbian exchange was not entirely negative however. For example, the re-introduction of the horse to North America allowed the Plains Indian to revolutionize their ways of life by making hunting, trading, and warfare far more effective, and to greatly improve their ability to transport possessions and move their settlements.
The Great Plains tribes were still hunting the bison when they first encountered the Europeans. The Spanish reintroduction of the horse to North America in the 17th century and Native Americans' learning to use them greatly altered the Native Americans' cultures, including changing the way in which they hunted large game.
Horses became such a valuable, central element of Native lives that they were counted as a measure of wealth by many tribes.
In the early years, as Native peoples encountered European explorers and settlers and engaged in trade, they exchanged food, crafts, and furs for blankets, iron and steel implements, horses, trinkets, firearms, and alcoholic beverages.
Uto-Aztecan has the most speakers 1. Southwest and northern Mexico with one outlier in the Plains. Several families consist of only 2 or 3 languages.
Demonstrating genetic relationships has proved difficult due to the great linguistic diversity present in North America.
Two large super- family proposals, Penutian and Hokan , look particularly promising. However, even after decades of research, a large number of families remain.
A number of words used in English have been derived from Native American languages. To counteract a shift to English, some Native American tribes have initiated language immersion schools for children, where an Indigenous American language is the medium of instruction.
For example, the Cherokee Nation initiated a year language preservation plan that involved raising new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home.
There is also a Cherokee language immersion school in Tahlequah, Oklahoma , that educates students from pre-school through eighth grade.
Historical diets of Native Americans differed dramatically region to region. Different peoples might have relied more heavily on agriculture, horticulture, hunting, fishing, or gathering of wild plants and fungi.
Tribes developed diets best suited to their environments. Coastal peoples relied more heavily on sea mammals, fish, and fish eggs, while inland peoples hunted caribou and moose.
In the Eastern Woodlands , early peoples independently invented agricultural and by BCE developed the crops of the Eastern Agricultural Complex , which include squash Cucurbita pepo ssp.
The Sonoran desert region including parts of Arizona and California , part of a region known as Aridoamerica , relied heavily on the tepary bean Phaseolus acutifolius as a staple crop.
This and other desert crops, mesquite bead pods, tunas prickly pear fruit , cholla buds, saguaro cactus fruit, and acorns are being actively promoted today by Tohono O'odham Community Action.
They filled storehouses with grain as protection against the area's frequent droughts. Maize or corn , first cultivated in what is now Mexico was traded north into Aridoamerica and Oasisamerica , southwest.
Native farmers practiced polycropping maize, beans, and squash; these crops are known as the Three Sisters. The beans would replace the nitrogen , which the maize leached from the ground, as well as using corn stalks for support for climbing.
The agriculture gender roles of the Native Americans varied from region to region. In the Southwest area, men prepared the soil with hoes.
The women were in charge of planting , weeding , and harvesting the crops. In most other regions, the women were in charge of most agriculture, including clearing the land.
Clearing the land was an immense chore since the Native Americans rotated fields. Europeans in the eastern part of the continent observed that Native Americans cleared large areas for cropland.
Their fields in New England sometimes covered hundreds of acres. Colonists in Virginia noted thousands of acres under cultivation by Native Americans.
Early farmers commonly used tools such as the hoe , maul , and dibber. The hoe was the main tool used to till the land and prepare it for planting; then it was used for weeding.
The first versions were made out of wood and stone. When the settlers brought iron , Native Americans switched to iron hoes and hatchets. The dibber was a digging stick, used to plant the seed.
Once the plants were harvested, women prepared the produce for eating. They used the maul to grind the corn into mash. It was cooked and eaten that way or baked as corn bread.
Native American religious practices, beliefs, and philosophies differ widely across tribes. These spiritualities , practices, beliefs, and philosophies may accompany adherence to another faith, or can represent a person's primary religious, faith, spiritual or philosophical identity.
Much Native American spirituality exists in a tribal-cultural continuum, and as such cannot be easily separated from tribal identity itself.
Cultural spiritual, philosophical, and faith ways differ from tribe to tribe and person to person. Some tribes include the use of sacred leaves and herbs such as tobacco, sweetgrass or sage.
Many Plains tribes have sweatlodge ceremonies, though the specifics of the ceremony vary among tribes. Fasting, singing and prayer in the ancient languages of their people, and sometimes drumming are also common.
The Midewiwin Lodge is a medicine society inspired by the oral history and prophesies of the Ojibwa Chippewa and related tribes. Another significant religious body among Native peoples is known as the Native American Church.
It is a syncretistic church incorporating elements of Native spiritual practice from a number of different tribes as well as symbolic elements from Christianity.
Its main rite is the peyote ceremony. Prior to , traditional religious beliefs included Wakan Tanka. In the American Southwest, especially New Mexico , a syncretism between the Catholicism brought by Spanish missionaries and the native religion is common; the religious drums, chants, and dances of the Pueblo people are regularly part of Masses at Santa Fe 's Saint Francis Cathedral.
The eagle feather law Title 50 Part 22 of the Code of Federal Regulations stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use.
The law does not allow Native Americans to give eagle feathers to non-Native Americans. Gender roles are differentiated in many Native American tribes.
Many Natives have retained traditional expectations of sexuality and gender, and continue to do so in contemporary life despite continued and on-going colonial pressures.
Whether a particular tribe is predominantly matrilineal or patrilineal , often both sexes have some degree of decision-making power within the tribe.
Many Nations, such as the Haudenosaunee Five Nations and the Southeast Muskogean tribes, have matrilineal or Clan Mother systems, in which property and hereditary leadership are controlled by and passed through the maternal lines.
In Cherokee culture, women own the family property. When traditional young women marry, their husbands may join them in their mother's household.
Matrilineal structures enable young women to have assistance in childbirth and rearing, and protect them in case of conflicts between the couple.
If a couple separates or the man dies, the woman has her family to assist her. In matrilineal cultures the mother's brothers are usually the leading male figures in her children's lives; fathers have no standing in their wife and children's clan, as they still belong to their own mother's clan.
Hereditary clan chief positions pass through the mother's line and chiefs have historically been selected on recommendation of women elders, who could also disapprove of a chief.
In the patrilineal tribes, such as the Omaha , Osage , Ponca , and Lakota , hereditary leadership passes through the male line, and children are considered to belong to the father and his clan.
In patrilineal tribes, if a woman marries a non-Native, she is no longer considered part of the tribe, and her children are considered to share the ethnicity and culture of their father.
In patriarchal tribes, gender roles tend to be rigid. Men have historically hunted, traded and made war while, as life-givers, women have primary responsibility for the survival and welfare of the families and future of the tribe.
Women usually gather and cultivate plants, use plants and herbs to treat illnesses, care for the young and the elderly, make all the clothing and instruments, and process and cure meat and skins from the game.
Some mothers use cradleboards to carry an infant while working or traveling. At least several dozen tribes allowed polygyny to sisters, with procedural and economic limits.
Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota girls are encouraged to learn to ride, hunt and fight. Native American leisure time led to competitive individual and team sports.
Native American ball sports, sometimes referred to as lacrosse , stickball, or baggataway, were often used to settle disputes, rather than going to war, as a civil way to settle potential conflict.
The Choctaw called it isitoboli "Little Brother of War" ; [] the Onondaga name was dehuntshigwa'es "men hit a rounded object".
There are three basic versions, classified as Great Lakes, Iroquoian, and Southern. The game is played with one or two rackets or sticks and one ball.
The object of the game is to land the ball in the opposing team's goal either a single post or net to score and to prevent the opposing team from scoring on your goal.
The game involves as few as 20 or as many as players with no height or weight restrictions and no protective gear.
The disk would roll down the corridor, and players would throw wooden shafts at the moving disk. The object of the game was to strike the disk or prevent your opponents from hitting it.
Jim Thorpe , a Sauk and Fox Native American, was an all-round athlete playing football and baseball in the early 20th century.
Future President Dwight Eisenhower injured his knee while trying to tackle the young Thorpe. In a speech, Eisenhower recalled Thorpe: "Here and there, there are some people who are supremely endowed.
My memory goes back to Jim Thorpe. He never practiced in his life, and he could do anything better than any other football player I ever saw.
In the Olympics, Thorpe could run the yard dash in 10 seconds flat, the in Olympic trials for the pentathlon and the decathlon. Louis Tewanima , Hopi people , was an American two-time Olympic distance runner and silver medalist in the 10, meter run in His silver medal in remained the best U.
Tewanima also competed at the Olympics, where he finished in ninth place in the marathon. He was the only American ever to win the Olympic gold in this event.
An unknown before the Olympics, Mills finished second in the U. Olympic trials. Billy Kidd , part Abenaki from Vermont , became the first American male to medal in alpine skiing in the Olympics, taking silver at age 20 in the slalom in the Winter Olympics at Innsbruck , Austria.
Six years later at the World Championships, Kidd won the gold medal in the combined event and took the bronze medal in the slalom.
Traditional Native American music is almost entirely monophonic , but there are notable exceptions.
Native American music often includes drumming or the playing of rattles or other percussion instruments but little other instrumentation. Flutes and whistles made of wood, cane, or bone are also played, generally by individuals, but in former times also by large ensembles as noted by Spanish conquistador de Soto.
The tuning of modern flutes is typically pentatonic. Some, such as John Trudell , have used music to comment on life in Native America.
Other musicians such as R. Carlos Nakai , Joanne Shenandoah and Robert "Tree" Cody integrate traditional sounds with modern sounds in instrumental recordings, whereas the music by artist Charles Littleleaf is derived from ancestral heritage as well as nature.
A variety of small and medium-sized recording companies offer an abundance of recent music by Native American performers young and old, ranging from pow-wow drum music to hard-driving rock-and-roll and rap.
In the International world of ballet dancing Maria Tallchief was considered America's first major prima ballerina , [] and was the first person of Native American descent to hold the rank.
The most widely practiced public musical form among Native Americans in the United States is that of the pow-wow. At pow-wows, such as the annual Gathering of Nations in Albuquerque, New Mexico , members of drum groups sit in a circle around a large drum.
Drum groups play in unison while they sing in a native language and dancers in colorful regalia dance clockwise around the drum groups in the center.
Familiar pow-wow songs include honor songs, intertribal songs, crow-hops, sneak-up songs, grass-dances, two-steps, welcome songs, going-home songs, and war songs.
Most indigenous communities in the United States also maintain traditional songs and ceremonies, some of which are shared and practiced exclusively within the community.
The Iroquois , living around the Great Lakes and extending east and north, used strings or belts called wampum that served a dual function: the knots and beaded designs mnemonically chronicled tribal stories and legends, and further served as a medium of exchange and a unit of measure.
The keepers of the articles were seen as tribal dignitaries. Pueblo peoples crafted impressive items associated with their religious ceremonies.
Kachina dancers wore elaborately painted and decorated masks as they ritually impersonated various ancestral spirits. Superior weaving, embroidered decorations, and rich dyes characterized the textile arts.
Both turquoise and shell jewelry were created, as were formalized pictorial arts. Navajo spirituality focused on the maintenance of a harmonious relationship with the spirit world, often achieved by ceremonial acts, usually incorporating sandpainting.
For the Navajo the sand painting is not merely a representational object, but a dynamic spiritual entity with a life of its own, which helped the patient at the centre of the ceremony re-establish a connection with the life force.
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